Here a video of Al Gore updated slideshow on climate change presented at this years TED conference.  Including Q and A its about a half hour long and definitely worth watching.  He stresses the need for political involvement in order to fight climate change.  Best quotes:

"In order to solve the climate crisis we must solve the democracy crisis."

 

"Investing in [dirty energy] is like investing in subprime carbon loans."

To get involved visit Gore's wecansolve.org.

(via earth2tech)

Earth Day 2008 is coming up on April 22.  And to get you in the spirit here's a little video from rocketboom.  I'm sure we all can relate.

Some of the most waste producing elements of our lives seems way out of our control.  I mean we never asked to be sent pounds of junk mail a week.  Well its time to take back control, unclutter our lives, save some trees and reduce the emmisions caused by shipping mail around the planet.  And its easy, there are a couple webservices that will help you end the constant stream of unwanted catalogs and advertisements.

Almost as easy as recieving catalogs without asking is GreenDimes, who promises a 90% reduction in junkmail recieved.  They provide 3 degrees of service, one free that will take a little more of your time, one costing $20 that removes you from common junk mail lists automatically and plants 5 trees in your name, and a $36 option that comes with a gift pack of cfl's, a reuseable shopping bag, a t-shirt and a childrens book.  Stopjunkmail.com will perform the same service also for $20.

The next option is ProQuo, which is free!  The company earns money by offering subscriptions to magazines you do want while while significantly reducing mail you don't, and again that part is free of charge.

There are also a few sources that will help you get of junkmail lists yourself:   obviously.com has reccomendations for stopping junkmail offline and newdream.org has a form for doing-it-yourself online.

Another interesting option is Earth Class Mail which will direct all your mail to a virtual PO box where you can "View scanned images of your sealed envelopes online, then choose to have your mail securely scanned into a PDF document, recycled, shredded or forwarded to you or someone else."  Not sure how well this works but its an interesting idea.

(via ecopreneurist)

Its not the worse potential outcome of climate change but yet another reason we have to fight this thing.  From treehugger:

A perfect storm is brewing, coming together with the potential to create a shortage in the world's beer supply. In addition to an ongoing hops shortage, which we first reported last year, failed barley crops are causing further concern in the beer brewing industry, and we can chalk it up to the effects of global warming.

According to Jim Salinger, a climate scientist at New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, the warming globe will likely cause a decline in the production of malting barley, which, when combined with the scarcity of hops right now, stands to have a profound and negative impact on the world's beer supply starting now, and for decades to come.

"It will mean either there will be pubs without beer or the cost of beer will go up," Salinger told the Institute of Brewing and Distilling convention.

I found this picture absolutley stunning!

The Bahrain World Trade Center is the first building in the world to have integrated wind energy.  Integrated wind is when turbines are built write into the archetecture of the building.  Here they span the two towers of this magnificent building in Bahrain, an island country in the Persian Gulf.  These turbines are expected to generate 11-15% of the entire trade center's power needs.

(via ecofriend, Via GoodCleanTech)

My apologies for piling on the the videos (a second one here) about switching from plastic water bottles to reusable ones but its an extremely important issue and an easily actionable one.   This video is a visualization of how many bottles the US simply throws in the dump each year.  It really impresses the scale of our waste.

You can find convenient, good looking and reusable bottles here and here on earthscreen.  And remember, reusable bottles and  canteens will save you money in no time when you are not spending two dollars a day on plastic ones.

(via no impact man)

For your viewing pleasure here is a highly entertaining Penn and Teller segment on the importance switching from plastic water bottles to reusable ones:

Learn more on earthscreen here.

Now, taking a cold shower every once and a while might seem a bit... well chilling, but it can have an enourmous impact on your energy use.  Home water heaters account for about 14-25% of residential energy use so giving your heater a break with a cold shower can help keep the planet cool as well.  A cold shower might not be perfect for every situation but as the weather heats up for summer you should have some splendid opportunities like after a work out or on those super hot days.  And the shrieks and giggles from taking a cold shower with a friend might be fun too!  An added benifit, while saving energy from a cold shower, the temperature will remind you to keep bathing short and thus save water as well. 

So cold showers might seem like a huge sacrafice but doing it once a week could add up to big savings.  Still a little timid?  Remember that if you lower your water intensity the shower will seem less cold as it has a more time to warm up in the air or on your body. 

Still not convinced?  Here are some energy saving tips from the Department of Energy to keep your hot showers more efficient:

Take short showers instead of baths.

You might qualify for tax credits or rebates for buying a solar water heater. Visit the Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy Web site and see.

Consider natural-gas on-demand or tankless water heaters. Researchers have found savings can be up to 30% compared with a standard natural-gas storage tank water heater.

Consider installing a drain water waste heat recovery system. A recent DOE study showed energy savings of 25% to about 30% for water heating using such a system.

Buy a new energy-efficient water heater. While it may cost more initially than a standard water heater, the energy savings will continue during the lifetime of the appliance. Look for the EnergyGuide label.

Although most water heaters last 10-15 years, it's best to start shopping for a new one if yours is more than 7 years old. Doing some research before your heater fails will enable you to select one that most appropriately meets your needs.

Drain a quart of water from your water tank every 3 months to remove sediment that impedes heat transfer and lowers the efficiency of your heater. The type of water tank you have determines the steps to take, so follow the manufacturer's advice.

Install heat traps on the hot and cold pipes at the water heater to prevent heat loss. Some new water heaters have built-in heat traps.

Insulate the first 6 feet of the hot and cold water pipes connected to the water heater.

Insulate your natural gas or oil hot-water storage tank, but be careful not to cover the water heater's top, bottom, thermostat, or burner compartment. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations; when in doubt, get professional help.

Insulate your electric hot-water storage tank, but be careful not to cover the thermostat. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations.

Take more showers than baths. Bathing uses the most hot water in the average household.

Lower the thermostat on your water heater; water heaters sometimes come from the factory with high temperature settings, but a setting of 120°F provides comfortable hot water for most uses.

Repair leaky faucets promptly; a leaky faucet wastes gallons of water in a short period of time.

Install aerating, low-flow faucets and showerheads.

Select a shower head with a flow rate of less than 2.5 gpm (gallons per minute)for maximum water efficiency Before 1992, some showerheads had flow rates of 5.5 gpm, so you might want to replace them if you're not sure of their flow rates.

Insulate your hot water pipes, which will reduce heat loss and can raise water temperature 2ºF–4ºF hotter than uninsulated pipes. This allows for a lower water temperature setting.

Lowering the thermostat on your water heater by 10ºF can save you between 3%–5% in energy costs. Most households only require a water heater thermostat setting of 120ºF, or even 115ºF.

Also, to reduce your water and thus your energy usage you might install an aerating shower head with a low flow rate.  Also you can easily wrap your water heater in a water heater jacket to keep it insulated.

(Thanks to eco-scraps and gavinhudson for reminding me of this tip!)

GroovyGreen has just posted this map of carbon emissions for every 100 square kilometer of the USA as of 2002.  The quote Wired:

The work, known as The Vulcan Project, has already yielded a significant discovery: Previous CO2 estimates that used population as a proxy for emissions overestimated the Northeast’s greenhouse-gas generation, while underestimating the coal-heavy Southeast’s contribution. 

Its a good illustration of the many regions in the US that need to push their representives to mandate reductions in CO2 emissions.  Al Gore's Alliance for Climate Protection has good resources on how to make climate change an issue in your local community at their WE campaign page.

This quote from Lester Brown, head of the Earth Policy Institute, is the most thought provoking I've come across in a long time:

We are the first generation that can build an energy economy that can last as long as the sun and the earth themselves.

From Treehugger's first Rocky Mountain Institute Guest Post, this quote really illuminates the gravity of today's greening of society and the real meaning of sustainability.  Not only our we trying to save the planet but, in making our lives, communities, and nations in tune with our fragile world,  we our trying to build lifestyles and systems that will serve humanity indefinatley.  To turn to the popular adage, in all our actions we must consider how they will effect our decendents for seven generations.  Ideas like these really testify to the fact that sustainability is more than protecting our eco-systems but must encompass the whole range of human well being.  To this end Brown has formulated what he calls Plan B, 3.0, with the following mission:

1. Stabilize climate
2. Stabilize population
3. Eradicate poverty
4. Save and restore damaged ecosystems

Far from being gloomy, this plan actually gives me a good deal of hope because the solutions to all four of these needs are deeply intertwined.  For one, stabalizing climate, eradicating poverty and restoring ecosystems will increase human well being which has proven to stabalize population growth.  Also, whether it be through green collar jobs or bringing sustainable infrastructure to Africa, stabalizing climate and restoring ecosystems go hand and hand with options to eradicate poverty.  And the possabilities for such integrated action are shining brightly.  Brown notes that 1.5 million new 2 megawatt wind turbines could replace the coal industry in short order.  And though, as an ecogeek article noted today, the demand for wind energy is outstripping supply, so shifting only part of our global manufacturing from its 64 million cars  annually to wind turbines is extremeley doable and will bring thousands of jobs to America's industrial cities.

To end, the future is in our hands, lets make it worth passing on to the seventh generation.

It seems mailing and shipping giant, UPS, has come up with a super innovative way to reduce their truck fleet's miles on the road.  From gas2.0:

UPS, the delivery people, decided to re-structure the delivery routes taken by drivers to eliminate as many left turns as possible. Now that may sound weird, but how long have you sat in a left turn lane waiting for oncoming traffic to pass, and how many times have you dreaded crossing into oncoming traffic?

 

The results have been dramatic. UPS says its 95,000 vehicles shaved nearly 30 million miles off its deliveries in 2007, saving the cost of 3 million gallons of gasoline and reducing truck emissions by 32,000 metric tons.

 

Makes sense to me... [The blogger] drives with right-hand turns in mind, rarely adding an inch to the overall length of the drive, and feeling a lot safer.

According to Climate 411, reducing 32,000 metric tons of CO2 is like taking 4,500 cars off the road for one year!  Not only that but I am sure it will reduce traffic accidents as most are caused by botched left turns. 

This might be really tricky to implement for us normal drivers, we don't have UPS's ability to coordinate navigation, but using the ever developing online directions and mapping services like google or mapquest might help.  For example, google maps lets you enter your starting point and destination and then supplies a map and directions that can be customized by clicking on the path and dragging it onto an alternative route (video explanation here).  One could spot the left turns and drag the path away turning them into multiple right turns.  Combined with google maps traffic monitor you could be planning shorter, quicker and more efficient driving for your next trip or even your commute.

So add this to the list of efficient driving tips and be sure to watch out for cyclists riding on the right side of the road!

Here are my two favorite photos that surfaced last week!

(via treehugger)  The Walking Bike is possibly the most important achievement in walking since the founding of the Ministry of Silly Walks.  It lets us know that their are so many more options to getting around than driving!  Check out this video of the Walking Bike in action.

(via ecolocalizer) This is an aerial photo of Google's headquarters.  Just look at all those solar panels!  What intrigues me about this picture is not googles green initiatives but that it is a grand demonstration of how much rooftop space is available for solar.

A hilarious segment on the one of the most important initiatives in America.

Van Jones of the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights is leading one of the most important movements in America, Green Collar Jobs. The idea is that we need to create a new clean energy infrastructure requiring solar installations by the millions, energy efficient retrofits for homes and larger buildings, and organic farming among other pressing needs. These tasks will create thousands of jobs, jobs that we need to give to low income underemployed communities. The green revolution could not only save the planet but bring many out of poverty.

(thanks to earth2tech for the link)

Eco-concsiousness is scaling up into all segments of society.  Most recently the Stanley Theatre in Utica New York has installed an LED light chandeleir, it is magnificent and the largest chandeleir of anykind in the world.  And its LED lights are 7 times more efficient than normal incandecents!  From ecofriend:

This chandelier uses 328 LEDs manufactured by Philips Luxeon uses just 1120 watts of electricity...  This one is made of steel, brown glass and acrylic and is 35 feet in diameter, 17 feet tall and weighs in at a very heavy 7000 pounds. Also, the chandelier is finished in gold and bronze to complement the theater’s Mexican Baroque Moorish theme.

Don't think that you have to put on your tux and go to the theatre to share in the amazing energy savings of LEDs.  You can get some right here on earthscreen, and infact we recommend them over compact flourecnt lightbulbs because they save even more energy, last longer and do not have mercury in them.  They are a bit more expensive but for the reasons stated above they'll make up for the cost in no time. Here's my favorite, its quite a bit more practical than the chandelier.

(via ecofriend: via Groovygreen/Gizmowatch

Last week the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN 21), along with the Worldwatch Institute releaced their annual Renewables 2007 Global Status Report.  I pass on this report to you, dear reader, because it is so hard to comprehend what part clean energy plays in our world compared fossil fuels but also because it gives us some hope, the use of renewable energy is indeed accelerating.  For example, 2007 was the first year in which more than a billion dollars was invested in renewable energy capacity, manufacturing plants and research and development.  I think this is the best evidence yet for my belief that 2007 was really the global tipping point in environmental consciousness and as a planet we are now ready to repare the damage we have done. 

We have a long way to go but lets look at the numbers from the report:

Renewable electricity generation capacity reached an estimated 240 gigawatts (GW) worldwide in 2007, an increase of 50 percent over 2004.  Renewables represent 5 percent of global power capacity and 3.4 percent ofglobal power generation.biodiesel production increased by more than 50 percent in 2006.

The largest component of renewables generation capacity is wind power, which grew by 28 percent worldwide in 2007 to reach an estimated 95 GW.

The fastest growing energy technology in the world is grid-connected solar photovoltaics(PV), with 50 percent annual increases in cumulative installed capacity in both 2006 and 2007,to an estimated 7.7GW.  This translates into 1.5 million homes with rooftop solar PV feeding into the grid worldwide.

Rooftop solar heat collectorsprovide hot water to nearly 50 million households worldwide, and space heating to a growing number ofhomes.  Existing solar hot water/heating capacity increased by 19 percent in 2006 to reach 105 gigawatts-thermal globally.
 
Renewable energy, especially small hydropower, biomass, and solar PV, provides electricity, heat, motive power, and water pumping for tens of millions ofpeople in rural areas ofdeveloping countries, serving agriculture, small industry, homes, schools, and community needs.  Twentyfive million households cook and light their homes with biogas, and 2.5 million households use solar lighting systems.

Developing countries as a group have more than 40 percent of existing renewable power capacity, more than 70 percent ofexisting solar hot water capacity, and 45 percent of biofuels production.

Policy targets for renewable energy exist in at least 66 countries worldwide, including all 27 European Union countries, 29 U.S.states (and D.C.), and 9 Canadian provinces.

Importantly, the report also shows investment in renewables is diversifying showing that their is no silver bullet for clean energy but many solutions, all of which must be taken advantage of.

These developments are great and we need to compliment them by living more earth friendly lifestyles ourselves.  Things are on the right track but, like I said above, we have a long way to go.  Just check out the below graph.

(via sustainablog) 

I've added several great new earth friendly products to our database in the past couple weeks.   Here's the line up:

Viatek's 15 Watt Air Freshening CFL Lightbulb  - Not only will you save energy and money from using a CFL lightbulb instead of a traditional incandecent, this model uses ioninizes and purifies the air around it.

The Green Parent: A Kid Friendly Guide to Earth Friendly Living by Kedzie Press - A great book to teach your children about energy saving, conservation, fun environmental activities and much much more.  Made completley on recycled paper and one tree will be planted for each copy sold as part of the Million Tree-A-Thon Initiative.

Mini Tritium Glowring Keychain - This light will last 10 years!

Recycled Watering Can made by Patina Store - For your garden, a watering can made from 100% recycled materials.

The SIGG Water Bottle - For over 100 years SIGG has made durable, reusable aluminum water bottles.  Never buy a plastic water bottle again!

Recently I have also blogged about these great products: kitchen sink aerators, alt-energy media players, residential wind turbines, and mobile renewable energy device chargers.

[ ecofriend  (here and here), eco-libris, great green goods, and groovy green tipped me off to these ]

This is a very interesting clean tech proposal.  The shear size of it makes me a bit skeptical about how it would effect wildlife conservation.  From earth2tech (treehugger has also picked up the story):

Waves, tides, rivers, canals…if it flows, chances are someone’s figuring out a way to harness it to produce clean energy. And a Massachusetts-based startup called Free Flow Power is even working on tapping the mighty Mississippi. The company has a $3 billion plan to place thousands of small electric turbines [each about 2 feet in diameter] down the Mississippi river — from St. Louis to New Orleans — which could generate over a gigawatt of electricity, according to the St. Louis Post Dispatch... the ole muddy might get a little crowded, over the next few years!

(photo from wikicommons)

I'm not refering to some horrendous scheme ala Oliver Twist, but two remarkable innovations seeking to bring energy to Africa by harrnessing the power of kids at play. 

The first is the playpump, a merri-go round style structure that kids can jump on, spin a round and get as dizzy as they like.  But while kids play the energy of the spinning wheel pumps water from an underground well to an above ground storage tank providing clean drinking water to a community.   And there are added bonuses beyond giving a fun activity to children and clean water: clean water means less disease and healthier people and it also means that young girls don't have to spend time carrying water to a village from a far off stream, that means more time at school.  Also the playpumps are installed by local workers and billboards are placed on the above ground storage tanks to pay for the project.  1,000 playpumps have already been built in Subsaharran Africa and 3,000 more are planned for by 2010.  That could provide clean water to 10 million people!  Check out the National Geographic video on the play pump at the bottom of this post.

The second is a see-saw that generates electricity.  In rural Africa electrical infrastructure is scarce which for young people cuts down on the time they can study, they don't have lights to read by at night.  That's why Daniel Sheridan, a student at Coventry University in the UK, plans to set up his see-saws whereever schools need electricity.

I think at its incredibly smart to apply these innovations to where their most needed in the developing world but I wonder if similar play structures could be deployed to power street lights and or public mobile device charges here at home. 

There's nothing more beautiful than children at play and now their might be no energy source more clean.

(via treehugger and ecoworldly)

One cheap and easy way to reduce two parts of your environmental foot prints is to install an aerator into your sinks faucet.  By adding air to your water, an aerotor reduces the amount of water actually used while maintaining the same volume of liquid.  Less water also means less energy because your pumps won't have to work as hard.  That's why I was thrilled to see metaefficient post its favorite aerotors which I now pass on to you through earthscreen:

The first, 1.5 GPM Aerator, is just the most basic.  Just twist it on your faucet and it will reduce your sinks water output to 1.5 gallons per minute (standard faucets use 2.5-5 gallons per minute).   Only $1.95!

The Deluxe Flip Aerator reduces your water use as well and has a nifty fingertip control valve to let you halt the flow of water easily.  $6.50

The Deluxe Kitchen Swivel Aerator, reduces your use to 2.2 GPM but allows greater force (to scrub that dish!) with out increasing pressure, so it consumes less energy.  Plus it's swivel action allows you to easily reach all corners of the sink. $6.95

The High Performance Sink Aerator is a bit more expensive but will really reduce your water use!  It can be switched to let .375, .5 or .7 gallons per minute and should reduce your faucets water use by 80%.  $24.95

Because of all the water and energy saved any of these aerators will pay for themselves in a very short period of time.  And its so easy!

This is good news but too little, too late in a way.  States, municipalities and businesses are way ahead in providing our solar infrastucture.  From Environment News Services:

Twelve cities have been selected to become Solar America Cities that will receive federal grant funding and technical help to install solar technologies.

Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman announced Friday that the federal government will make available up to $2.4 million to the 12 cities, which he says were chosen for their commitment and comprehensive approach to the deployment of solar technologies and the development of sustainable solar infrastructures.

"These Solar America Cities aim to jumpstart integration of solar power and encourage other cities across the nation to follow suit," Secretary Bodman said, making the announcement at the New Frontiers in Energy Summit 2008 in Denver.

Denver is one of the 12 cities that will be one of the Solar America Cities along with the Texas cities of Houston and San Antonio; and the California cities of Sacramento, San Jose, and Santa Rosa.

The other cities selected are - Knoxville, Tennessee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota; Orlando, Florida; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Seattle, Washington...

...Each city will receive $200,000 from the Department of Energy. Combined with industry cost share and funding from each city, total investment in all 12 cities is estimated at $12.1 million.

Additionally, the DOE will provide $3 million in expertise to help cities integrate solar with their infrastructure.

I suppose its no obscure phenomena that as culture changes so does language but tracking those changes can be very illusive indeed.  So it's a fun mental game to see how the english language is changing as our culture becomes bright green. 

Thats why I was fascinated to see over at Treehugger, that  the Global Language Monitor, who tracks such changes, declared "hybrid" as the word of the year.  Three years ago I would have thought hybrid refered to a type of plant but know we all know it as a revolution in car design.  Hybrid joins the 2006 word of the year "sustainable" which shows that green is gaining momentum in culture.  2005 was "refugee" and I think in the wake of Katrina we are starting to connect that with our climate crisis as well.  This is after several years of words relating to the war or Bush presidency topped the list.  So just in the past couple of years, the environment has really creeped into (maybe flooded would be a  better, if darker, pun) our global mindset.

The top phrases and names are even more telling.  This year "climate change" and "Al Gore" won those top positions respectively.  Though not number one "carbon footprint stomping" made the list of top politically incorrect phrases.  I hadn't heard this one before but the GLM defines it as "The movement to flaunt carbon-intensive activities such as driving Hummers and flying private jets; a reaction to the Green movement is the height of political inCorrectness."  In 2006 "Global Warming Denier" was the top politically incorrect phrase.

Not only do these phrases show the gaining presence of the green movement but changes in the movement itself.  For example, phrasing went from "global warming denier" to "climate change" within a year.  I myself only started using climate change instead of global warming in the past year.  Also I would bet "carbon footprint" is new to most of our vocabulary.  I think these phrases show a gaining sophistication of what it means to be green.

The more playful aspects of green culture are changing as well.  I was amused to see a blog post comment recently saying that wind turbines are beautiful and the "PIMBY!".  This is a play on NIMBY, not in my back yard, a rather depressing cultural trend of the 80's suggesting that only the environment that effected one's immediate vicinity was important.  PIMBY, I took to mean "please in my back yard" but googling it also brought up "power in my back yard", both very encouraging notions of doing everything we can for the environment in our personal lives.  Green is becoming more dedicated and thorough, from our personal lifestyles to our global policies.

So, in the end, if language is any indicator, the green movement is picking up speed and going in the right direction.

A lot of breaking eco-news has come out today.  Lets look at some of the top headlines:

New Levels of LEED: Structuredgreen.com - Buildings will now be able to be even greener as Leadership in Energy Efficiency and Design awards have been announced.  Buildings can now be rated higher than platinum at the level of Unobtanium.

Go south young polar bear: gristmill - In order to help the species survive climate change, The Polar Bear Conservancy will begin air lifting polar bears from the artic to antartica on Earth Day, April 22.

Parents Arrested for Feeding Children Commercially Grown Food: Eco Child's Play

Ev-eon Bottled Water Stores C02: Tree Hugger -New company uses bottled water to sequester carbon out of the atmosphere.

Google Gives Up On Earth: Will Colonize Mars: ecogeek - Google decides that its plan to help develop solar cheaper than coal is to hard.  will go to mars instead.

Clean Tech Breakthrough: Wind Powered Airplanes: cleantechnica.com

Energy Crisis Solved by Harvesting Rainbows: inhabitat

Happy April Everyone!!!   ( if you have time be sure to read the comments in the grist article on polar bear conservency, many people were had and then folks started posting other "funny" things we can do with polar bears.)

So you all know by now that I love environmental art.  Here's a public display in Sao Paolo Brazil raizing awareness of plastic waste:

From groovygreen (via artdaily):

Giant plastic bottles line the Tieté river in Sao Paulo, one of the city’s most polluted rivers, as a reminder about the dangers of non-biodegradable garbage.

Do you need a new media player but feel guilty about adding one more gadget to your electricity consuming gear?  Well, shed that guilt because inhabitat (here and here) has tipped me off to two media players that you will never need to plug in. 

The first is the eco-media player, a hand crank device that every minute of winding it up will give you 40 minutes of music, video or photo slideshows.  And it will store 2 gigabites of media for you.  You can even plug your mobile phone into it to charge that up!  If you need some extra power you can use the usb port to plug it into your computer but sadly that is for windows users only.

A little to tired to crank your own power? No problem because the second device is the  Media Street eMotion 1GB  Portable Media Player and Charger (wow that was a mouthfull).  I think this one is the real winner because it seems to have a larger screen, better resolution and was designed both as a media player and a charger to let you plug any other gadget into it so you can charge all your devices off the grid and on the go.